Thursday, November 25, 2021



At least once in your life, have you witnessed someone helplessly lost his life and all you can do was to stand there and watch? If only you can do something... fortunately you can do something! Keep reading this learning material, follow the steps and take the quiz below to check if you are ready and capable to save a life. Who knows? Maybe someday you'll be able to save at least one life in your lifetime.

**Important Note: This is only a learning guide for BLS, it is strongly encouraged to seek proper training prior to performing CPR and other care.

What you need to know about BLS?

In order to safely and successfully save a life, you must first undergo proper training in order to acquire the necessary skills of high quality Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) for victims of all ages and to be able to perform it as a single rescuer or member of a rescuer team. With these skills, you will be able to recognize cardiac arrest, activate the emergency response system early and respond quickly and confidently.
Several institutions offer programs and trainings for BLS as one should be properly educated and trained prior to performing CPR and other care.

General Concepts of BLS

Age Definitions

It is important to recognize the age of the victims in order to give the right and proper care suitable for them. Below is a guide for age definition:


Basic Life Support (BLS) is the foundation for saving lives after cardiac arrest. According to Red Cross Organization, BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.

High-Quality CPR

CPR is a lifesaving procedure for a victim who has signs of cardiac arrest (i.e. unresponsive, no normal breathing and no pulse). Components of CPR are chest compressions and breaths. High-quality CPR improves a victim's chances of survival. Learn and practice this high-quality CPR with the help of guide below:

Photo Credit to: American Heart Association 2020
  • Start compression within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest.
  • Push hard, push fast: Compress at a rate of 100 to 120/min with a depth of
  • At least 5cm for adults
  • At least one third the depth of the chest, about 5cm for children
  • At least one third the depth of the chest, about 4cm for infants
  • Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.
  • Minimize interruptions in compression (try to limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds).
  • Give effective breaths that make the chest rise.
  • Avoid excessive ventilation.

💡💡💡Chest Compression Depth are more often too shallow than too deep. However, research suggests that compression depth greater than 6cm in adults may cause injuries. If you have CPR quality feedback device, it is optimal to target your compression depth from 5 to 6cm.


 
Approach to a Resuscitation Attempt

All emergency situations vary and the response will be determined by:

  • Available emergency equipment.
  • Availability of trained rescuers
  • Level of training expertise
  • Local protocols
  • Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment

PPEs are equipment worn to protect the health or safety of the rescuers from possible risks. PPEs varies based on the situations and protocols. It includes a set of items such as:

  • Medical gloves
  • Eye protection
  • Full body coverage
  • High-visibility clothing
  • Safety footwear
  • Safety helmets

Always consult with your local health authority or regulatory body on specific PPE protocols relevant to your role.


The Chain of Survival

The American Health Association (AHA) has adopted, supported and helped develop the concept of emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) systems for many years. The term Chain of Survival provides a useful metaphor for the elements of the ECC systems-of-care concept.

Since cardiac arrest may happen anywhere - at home, on the street or in hospitals. The system of care varies depending on whether the patient has an arrest inside or outside the hospital.

The two distinct adult Chains of Survival which reflect the setting as well as the availability of rescuers and resources, are:

✅ IHCA - In-hospital cardiac arrest
 
✅ OHCA - Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Photo Credit to: American Heart Association 2020



















For adult patients who are in the hospital, cardiac arrest usually happens as a result of serious respiratory or circulatory conditions that get worse. Many of these arrests can be predicted and prevented by careful observation, prevention and early treatment of prearrest conditions. Once a primary provider recognizes cardiac arrest, immediate activation of the resuscitation team, early high quality CPR and rapid defibrillation are essential. Patients depend on the smooth interaction of the institution's various departments and services and on a multidisciplinary team of professional providers, including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists and others.

After return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), all cardiac arrest victims receive post-cardiac arrest care. This level of care is provided by a team of multidisciplinary specialists and may occur in the cardiac catherization suite and/or ICU. A Cardiac Catherization Suite or Laboratory (sometimes called to as "Cath Lab") is a group of procedure rooms in a hospital or clinic where specialized equipment is used to evaluate the heart and the blood vessel around the heart and in the lungs.  A cardiac catherization procedure involves insertion of a catheter through an artery or vein into the heart to study the heart and its surrounding structures and function. Measurements are made through the catheter, and contrast material may be used to create images that will hep identify problems. During the procedure, specialized catheters can be used to fix some cardiac problems (such as opening a blocked artery).

The links in the chain of survival for an adult who has a cardiac arrest in the hospital are:

  • Surveillance, prevention and treatment of prearrest condition.
  • Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system
  • Early CPR with an emphasis of chest compressions
  • Rapid defibrillation
  • Multidisciplinary post-cardiac arrest care

 🔖Lets Review!

After reading the guide above, now let us check if you have learned something about BLS. Try to answer the questions below as honestly as possible. Good luck! 

1. In which locations do most out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur?
    a. Healthcare clinics
    b. Homes
    c. Recreational facilities
    d. Shopping centers

2. Which is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children?
    a. Cardiac problem
    b. Congenital or acquired heart defect
    c. Respiratory failure or shock
    d. Infection and sepsis

3. What is the third link in the adult out-of-hospital Chain of Survival?
    a. Advanced Life Support
    b. High Quality CPR
    c. Prevention
    d. Rapid Defibrillation

4. Which statement best describes sudden cardiac arrest?
    a. When respiratory distress in adults occurs and the heart rate does not change
    b. When the heart rate is 40 to 60/min and respirations increase
    c. When blood flow to the heart is blocked and the heart rate increases
    d. When an abnormal rhythm develops and the heart stops beating unexpectedly.

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BLS for Adults

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this part, you will be able to:

  • Recognize the signs of someone needing CPR
  • Perform High Quality CPR for an adult
  • Provide Effective ventilations by using barrier Device

BLS HealthCare Provider Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm

Photo Credit: American Heart Association 2020

Be Safe 
  • Make sure the scene is safe before proceeding.
  • Move the person out of traffic.
  • Move the person out of water and dry the person. (Drowning persons should be removed from the water and dried off; they should also be removed from standing water, such as puddles, pools, gutters, etc.)
  • Be sure you do not become injured yourself.
Assess the Person 

  • Shake the person, tap their shoulder hard, and talk to them loudly.
  • Check to see if the person is breathing. (Agonal breathing, which is occasional gasping and is ineffective, does not count as breathing.)

Call EMS

  • Send someone for help or to call your emergency number and to get an AED.
  • If alone, call for help while assessing for breathing and pulse. (The ILCOR emphasizes that cell phones are available everywhere now and most have a built-in speakerphone. Call for help without leaving the person.)
CPR

  • Begin sets of compressions and rescue breaths.
Defibrillate
  • Attach the AED pads when available.

CPR STEPS

1. Check for the carotid pulse on the side of the neck. Keep in mind to not waste time trying to feel for a pulse; feel for no more than 10 seconds. If you are not sure you feel a pulse, begin CPR with a cycle of 30 chest compressions and two breaths.

2. Use the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum in the middle of the chest 

3. Put your other hand on top of the first hand. 

4. Straighten your arms and press straight down. Compressions should be 2 to 2.4″ (5 to 6 cm) into the person’s chest and at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.

5. Be sure that between each compression you completely stop pressing on the chest and allow the chest wall to return to its natural position. Leaning or resting on the chest between compressions can keep the heart from refilling in between each compression and make CPR less effective.

6. After 30 compressions, stop compressions and open the airway by tilting the head and lifting the chin 

o   Put your hand on the person’s forehead and tilt the head back

o   Lift the person’s jaw by placing your index and middle fingers on the lower jaw; lift up.

o   Do not perform the head-tilt/chin-lift if you suspect the person may have a neck injury. In that case, the jaw-thrust is used.

o   For the jaw-thrust maneuver, grasp the angles of the lower jaw and lift it with both hands, one on each side, moving the jaw forward. If their lips are closed, open the lower lip using your thumb 

7.  Give a breath while watching the chest rise. Repeat while giving a second breath. Breaths should be delivered over one second.

8.  Resume chest compressions. Switch quickly between compressions and rescue breaths to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.

TWO-RESCUER BLS/CPR FOR ADULTS

Many times there will be a second person available that can act as a rescuer. Direct the second rescuer to call Emergency Medical Services (EMS) without leaving the person while you begin CPR. This second rescuer can also find an AED while you stay with the person. When the second rescuer returns, the CPR tasks can be shared:

1. The second rescuer prepares the AED for use.

2. You begin chest compressions and count the compressions out loud.

3. The second rescuer applies the AED pads.

4. The second rescuer opens the person’s airway and gives rescue breaths.

5. Switch roles after every five cycles of compressions and breaths. One cycle consists of 30 compressions and two breaths.

6.  Be sure that between each compression you completely stop pressing on the chest and allow the chest wall to return to its natural position. Leaning or resting on the chest between compressions can keep the heart from refilling in between each compression and make CPR less effective. Rescuers who become tired may tend to lean on the chest more during compressions; switching roles helps rescuers perform high-quality compressions.

7. Quickly switch between roles to minimize interruptions in delivering chest compressions.

8. When the AED is connected, minimize interruptions of CPR by switching rescuers while the AED analyzes the heart rhythm. If a shock is indicated, minimize interruptions in CPR. Resume CPR as soon as possible.

ADULT MOUTH-TO-MASK VENTILATION

In one-rescuer CPR, breaths should be supplied using a pocket mask, if available.
1. Give 30 high-quality chest compressions.
2. Seal the mask against the person’s face by placing four fingers of one hand across the top of the mask and the thumb of the other hand along the bottom edge of the mask 
3. Using the fingers of your hand on the bottom of the mask, open the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver. (Do not do this if you suspect the person may have a neck injury) If any suspected trauma preferred method is Jaw Thrust maneuver.
4. Press firmly around the edges of the mask and ventilate by delivering a breath over one second as you watch the person’s chest rise

If two people are present and a bag-mask device is available, the second rescuer is positioned at the victim’s head while the other rescuer performs high-quality chest compressions. Give 30 high-quality chest compressions.

1. Deliver 30 high-quality chest compressions while counting out loud 

2. The second rescuer holds the bag-mask with one hand using the thumb and index finger in the shape of a “C” on one side of the mask to form a seal between the mask and the face, while the other fingers open the airway by lifting the person’s lower jaw 

3. The second rescuer gives two breaths over one second each as you watch the person’s chest rise 

4. Practice using the bag-valve-mask; it is essential to forming a tight seal and delivering effective breaths.

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Exercises:

A 45 years old woman suddenly collapses and becomes unresponsive. You witness the scene and you are alone.
 
1. Which initial action you will perform first?
a. Start high quality CPR beginning with chest compressions
b. Verify scene safety for you and the victim
c. Activate Emergency response system
d. Start giving rescue breaths
 
2. What is the ration of chest compressions to breaths when providing CPR to an adult?
a. 30 compressions to 2 breaths
b. 40 compressions to 2 breaths
c. 50 compressions to 2 breaths
d. 90 compressions to 2 breaths
 
3. The woman doesn’t respond when touching her shoulders and you shout “Are you okay?” What is your next step?
a. Start providing breaths
b. Start chest compressions with high quality of CPR
c. Shout for help and activate Emergency response system
d. Check his carotid pulse
 
4. When giving chest compressions, rescuers should switch compressors after every?
a. 5 cycles of CPR about every 2 minutes or sooner if fatigued
b. 3 cycles of CPR
c. 4 cycles of CPR
d. Once needed as long as compressors can manage
 
5. If you suspect that the unresponsive woman has head trauma, what is the preferred method of opening her airway?
a. Jaw thrust
b. Head tilt-chin lift
c. Avoid opening the airway
d. Head tilt-chin sniffing position 

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 BLS for Infants and Children

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this part, you will be able to:

  • Perform high-quality CPR for a child
  • Perform high-quality CPR for infant


Photo Credit to: American Heart Association 2020



Before Giving Child or Baby CPR

1. Check the scene and the child. Make sure the scene is safe, then tap the child on the shoulder and shout "Are you OK?" to ensure that he or she needs help.

For infants, flick the bottom of the foot to elicit a response.

2. If child does not respond, ask a bystander to call for help, then administer approximately 2 minutes of care.

- If you're alone with the child or infant, administer 2 minutes of care, then call emergency number.

- If the child or infant does respond, call to report any life-threatening conditions and obtain consent to give care. Check the child from head to toe and ask questions to find out what happened.

 3. Open the airway. With the child lying on his or her back, tilt the head back slightly and lift the chin.

4. Check for breathing. Listen carefully, for no more than 10 seconds, for sounds of breathing. (Occasional gasps aren't breathing.)

Infants typically have periodic breathing, so changes in breathing pattern are normal.

5. Deliver 2 rescue breaths if the child or infant isn't breathing. With the head tilted back slightly and the chin lifted, pinch the child's nose shut, make a complete seal by placing your mouth over the child's mouth and breathe into the child's mouth twice.

For infants, use your mouth to make a complete seal over the infant's mouth and nose, then blow in for one second to make the chest clearly rise. Now, deliver two rescue breaths.

6. Begin CPR. If the child or baby is unresponsive to the rescue breaths, begin CPR.

Performing Child & Baby CPR

1. Kneel beside the child or baby.

2. Push hard, push fast.

-For children, place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, then place the heel of the other hand on top of the first hand, and lace your fingers together. Deliver 30 quick compressions that are each about 2 inches deep.

-For infants, use 2 fingers to deliver 30 quick compressions that are each about 1.5 inches deep.

3. Give 2 rescue breaths

4. Keep going. Continue steps for baby or child CPR steps until you see obvious signs of life, like breathing, or until an AED is ready to use, another trained responder or EMS professional is available to take over, you're too exhausted to continue, or the scene becomes unsafe.


BLS for Infants (0 to 12 months)

BLS for both children and infants is almost identical. For example, if two rescuers are available to perform CPR, the breath to compression ratio is 15:2 for both children and infants. The main differences between BLS for children and BLS for infants are:

  • Check the pulse in the infant using the brachial artery on the inside of the upper arm between the infant’s elbow and shoulder.
  • During CPR, compressions can be performed on an infant using two fingers (with one rescuer) or with two thumb-encircling hands (if there are two rescuers and rescuer’s hands are big enough to go around the infant’s chest) 
  • Compression depth should be one-third of the chest depth; for most infants, this is about 1.5 inches (4 cm).
  • In infants, primary cardiac events are not common. Usually, cardiac arrest will be preceded by respiratory problems. Survival rates improve as you intervene with respiratory problems as early as possible. Keep in mind that prevention is the first step in the Pediatric Chain of Survival.

If you are not alone with the infant, do the following:

1. Tap the bottom of their foot and talk loudly at the infant to determine if they are responsive.

2. If the infant does not respond and is not breathing (or is only gasping), send the second rescuer to call 911 and get an AED.

3. Assess if they are breathing while simultaneously feeling for the infant’s brachial pulse for 5 but no more than 10 seconds.

4. If you cannot feel a pulse (or if you are unsure), begin CPR by doing 15 compressions followed by two breaths. If you can feel a pulse but the rate is less than 60 beats per minute, begin CPR. This rate is too slow for an infant.

5. When the second rescuer returns, begin CPR by performing 15 compressions by one rescuer and two breaths by the second rescuer. If the second rescuer can fit their hands around the infant’s chest, perform CPR using the two thumb-encircling hands method. Do not press on the bottom end of the sternum as this can cause injury to the infant.

6. Compressions should be approximately 1.5 inches (4 cm) deep and at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.

7. Use and follow AED prompts when available while continuing CPR until EMS arrives or until the infant’s condition normalizes.

BLS for Children (1 Year to Puberty)

ONE-RESCUER BLS FOR CHILDREN

If you are alone with a child, do the following:

1. Tap their shoulder and talk loudly to the child to determine if they are responsive.

2. If the child does not respond and is not breathing (or is only gasping for breath), yell for help. If someone responds, send the second person to call 911 and to get an AED.

3. Assess if they are breathing while feeling for the child’s carotid pulse (on the side of the neck) or femoral pulse (on the inner thigh in the crease between their leg and groin) for no more than 10 seconds.

4. If you cannot feel a pulse (or if you are unsure), begin CPR by doing 15 compressions followed by two breaths. If you can feel a pulse but the pulse rate is less than 60 beats per minute, you should begin CPR. This rate is too slow for a child.

5. After doing CPR for about two minutes (usually about ten cycles of 15 compressions and two breaths) and if help has not arrived, call EMS while staying with the child. The ILCOR emphasizes that cell phones are available everywhere now and most have a built-in speakerphone. Get an AED if you know where one is located.

6. Use and follow AED prompts when available while continuing CPR until EMS arrives or until the child’s condition normalizes.

 TWO-RESCUER BLS FOR CHILDREN

If you are not alone with a child, do the following:

1. Tap their shoulder and talk loudly to the child to determine if they are responsive.

2. If the child does not respond and is not breathing (or is only gasping for breath), send the second rescuer to call 911 and get an AED.

3. Assess if they are breathing while feeling for the child’s carotid pulse (on the side of the neck) or femoral pulse (on the inner thigh in the crease between their leg and groin) for no more than 10 seconds.

4. If you cannot feel a pulse (or if you are unsure), begin CPR by doing 15 compressions followed by two breaths. If you can feel a pulse but the rate is less than 60 beats per minute, begin CPR. This rate is too slow for a child.

5. When the second rescuer returns, begin CPR by performing 15 compressions by one rescuer and two breaths by the second rescuer.

6. Use and follow AED prompts when available while continuing CPR until EMS arrives or until the child’s condition normalizes. 

Automated External Defibrillator (AED) for Adult, Child and Infant

Learning Objectives:

  • Know the significance of early use of an AED to adult, child and infant
  • Demonstrate the steps of how to use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) for adult, child and infant

An AED, or automated external defibrillator, is used to help those experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. It's a sophisticated, yet easy-to-use, medical device that can analyze the heart's rhythm and, if necessary, deliver an electrical shock, or defibrillation, to help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm.

Why Learn to Use an AED
Sudden cardiac arrest is among the leading causes of death in the United States. In fact, more than 350,000 people will suffer a cardiac arrest this year. Currently, the only way to restore a regular heart rhythm during cardiac arrest is to use an AED.

Before Using the AED
These AED steps should be used when caring for a non-breathing child aged 8 or older who weighs more than 55 pounds, or an adult.

After checking the scene and ensuring that the person needs help, you should ask a bystander to call and activate EMS for help, then:

1. Turn on the AED and follow the visual and/or audio prompts.

2. Open the person's shirt and wipe his or her bare chest dry. If the person is wearing any medication patches, you should use a gloved (if possible) hand to remove the patches before wiping the person's chest.

3. Attach the AED pads, and plug in the connector (if necessary).

4. Make sure no one is, including you, is touching the person. Tell everyone to "stand clear."

5. Push the "analyze" button (if necessary) and allow the AED to analyze the person's heart rhythm.

6. If the AED recommends that you deliver a shock to the person, make sure that no one, including you, is touching the person – and tell everyone to "stand clear." Once clear, press the "shock" button.

7. Begin CPR after delivering the shock. Or, if no shock is advised, begin CPR. Perform 2 minutes (about 5 cycles) of CPR and continue to follow the AED's prompts. If you notice obvious signs of life, discontinue CPR and monitor breathing for any changes in condition.

For adults (includes children age 8 or older or more than 55 pounds):
  • Peel the pads off the backing.
  • Place one pad on the right side of the chest, just below the collarbone.
  • Place the other pad on the lower left side of the chest.
  • Connect the pads to the AED. Some pads come pre-connected to the AED.
Always apply the pads to the chest according to the pictures on the pads. And always apply them to bare skin.
Expose the chest by opening or cutting the shirt (and bra if applicable) before applying the pads.
If the chest is wet, wipe it dry. If the chest is hairy, use a razor or an extra set of AED pads to remove hair from the pad placement area.

AED PAD PLACEMENT FOR CHILDREN AND INFANTS

Children require a lower level of energy to defibrillate the heart. Some AEDs may include pediatric pads or equipment that are designed for children and infants.
In terms of using an AED, a child is younger than age 8 or weighs less than 55 pounds.

Follow these AED use guides for children and infants:
  • Use child pads and equipment if available. If not available, use adult pads.
  • Do not cut or fold AED pads. Do not let AED pads overlap.
  • Use a front-back pad placement for small children and infants.
If you don't know the child's weight or age, look for signs of puberty (e.g. facial hair, breast development, etc.) If a child is showing signs of puberty, use adult pads. In this case, pediatric pads wouldn't deliver enough energy to defibrillate the child's heart.



AEDS SAVE LIVES

Here’s a brief AED pad placement summary:


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Course and Outcome Evaluation

Couse Training: Basic Life Support

Duration: 5-6 hours

Lecture: 1 hour

Skills Practice: 2 hours

 

At the end of the session, you are required to get a passing mark of 84%

Practical Testing/Demonstration of skills = 50% (2 hours)

Written Examination = 50% (30 minutes)


Basic Life Support Final Written Examination

1.  What is the compression to ventilation ratio you should use when giving CPR to any victim?

o   30:2

o   30:1

o   15:2

o   15:1

2. When performing two-rescuer CPR, how often should you switch roles?

o   After every three cycle of CPR

o   After every two cycles of CPR

o   After every six cycles of CPR

o   After every 7cycles of CPR

3.  When operating an AED, what are the correct steps to follow?

o   Power on the AED, attach electrode pads, analyze the rhythm, clear the individual, and deliver shock

o   Check pulse, attach electrode pads, analyze rhythm, shock patient

o   Attach electrode pads, check pulse, shock individual, and analyze rhythm

o   Power on the AED, attach electrode pads, shock the individual, and analyze the rhythm

4.  When looking for a pulse on a child from one year to puberty, where should you locate?

o   Brachial artery

o   Femoral

o   Temporal artery

o   Carotid or femoral artery

5. What are the BLS steps used for adult victim?

o   Assess the individual, defibrillate, give two rescue breaths, and start CPR

o Assess the individual, start CPR, give two rescue breaths, and defibrillate

o  Activate EMS and get AED, Assess the individual, check pulse, and start CPR

o  Give rescue breaths, check pulse, assess the individual, and defibrillate

6. What are the vital characteristics of first-rate CPR?

o  Starting chest compressions within 10 seconds of recognition of cardiac arrest

o   Pushing hard and fast

o   Minimizing interruptions

o   All of the above

7.      Which step is NOT a part of the five steps in the Adult Chain of Survival?

o   Early CPR

o   Rapid defibrillation

o   Advanced airway placement

o   Integrated post-cardiac arrest care

8.      What is the recommended BLS sequence for the latest guidelines?

o   Airway, Breathing, Chest compressions

o   Chest compressions, Airway, Breathing

o   Breathing, Chest Compressions, Airway

o   Airway, Breathing, Check pulse

9.      What are the signs of an obstruction of the airway?

o   Inability to speak

o   Poor air exchange

o   High-pitched noise while inhaling

o   All of the above

10.   How many breaths should be given during a two-rescuer CPR on an adult?

o   Every 5 to 7 seconds (20 to 30 breaths per minute)

o   Every 10 to 12 seconds (5 to 6 breaths per minute)

o   Every 3 to 7 seconds (12 to 15 breaths per minute)

o   Every 6 to 8 seconds (8 to 10 breaths per minute)

11. Which of the following describes the proper sequences of BLS?

o   Pulse check, rescue breath, compression.

o   Compression, breathing, airway

o   0, 1, 2, 3, 4

o   C - A – B

12. The pulse assessed in pediatric cardiac arrest victim is called the ______               pulse?

o   Brachial

o   Radial

o   Carotid

o   Femoral

13. Choose the proper order of the Adult Chain of Survival:

      o Recognition, Call EMS, Advanced Life Support, Defibrillate, Post-Cardiac         Arrest Care
o  Recognition, Early CPR, Defibrillate, Advanced Life Support, Post-Cardiac        Arrest Care
o  CPR, Recognition, Call EMS, Defibrillate, Advanced Life Support
o  Recognition, Defibrillation, CPR, Call EMS, Advanced Life Support

14. True/False: Most rescuers describe adult cardiac arrest situations as more                stressful than child cases.

o  True

o   False

o  Neither

15. You find an unresponsive victim without a pulse. You do not have a mask.                What is the next step for an untrained lay responder?

o   Call bystander

o   Wait until EMS arrives

o   Begin CPR and perform mouth-to-mouth

o   Use your shirt over their mouth as a barrier

16. What is the correct compression-to-ventilation ratio for Two-Rescuer Infant               BLS?

o   30:2

o   30:1

o   15:2

o   15:1

17. You attempt to deliver a breath through a mask but it does not go in. What is            the next step?

o Hyperextend the neck

o Reposition the airway

o Blow harder

o Discard mask and use mouth-to-mouth

18. You witness a child gasping you called for help and before EMS arrive, what is the next step?

o Begin CPR

o Rescue breathing

o Check pulse

o Leave the scene

19. What action should you take when the AED is analyzing rhythm?

o Continue chest compressions

o Check the Pulse

o Stand clear of the victim

o Give Rescue Breaths

20. What is the first step to take as soon as the AED arrives in the victim’s side?

o   Apply the pads

o   Power on the AED

o   Press the analyze button

o   Press the shock button

  

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References

AED Steps. Retrieved from https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/aed/using-an-aed/aed-steps

Adult Mouth-to-Mask and Bag-Mask Ventilation. Retrieved from https://nhcps.com/lesson/bls-adult-mouth-mask-bag-mask-ventilation/

Child & Baby CPR. Retrieved from https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/cpr/performing-cpr/child-baby-cpr

BLS for Children (1 Year to Puberty). Retrieved from https://nhcps.com/lesson/pals-bls-children-age-1-puberty/

BLS Practice Exam Questions and Answers. Retrieved from https://emedcert.com/blog/bls-practice-exam-questions-and-answers

BLS Practice Test. Retrieved from https://nhcps.com/bls-practice-quiz/

What is AED? Retrieved from https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/aed/using-an-aed/what-is-aed

ASHI and MEDIC First Aid Blog. Retrieved from https://emergencycare.hsi.com/blog/how-to-apply-aed-pads

Basic Life Support. (2016). AHA Provider Manual.

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